The Main Ideas of Enlightenment Philosophers Essay

During the Enlightenment, revolutionary thinkers called philosophes brought about new ideas as to how to better understand and improve their society. They were all modern thinkers and had the best interests of society in mind. Although each philosoph had his or her own ideas, they all centered around one main theme: equality and human freedom. One famous influential philosopher was John Locke. Locke was born in England in the mid 17th century and lived through both the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution. He strongly believed in equality for all men. In his book Second Treatise on Civil Government, he says that â€Å"creatures of the same species and rank†¦should be equal amongst another without subordination or†¦show more content†¦Only two religions allowed in a population, Voltaire says, would create animosity and competition between the two groups for power. But if all religions are tolerated, accepted, and represented, then peace will be prominent and go vernment will function much for efficiently and to the benefit of all of the people. Everyone’s rights will be represented because all of the focus will not just be on one or two groups of people but a multitude of groups, creating religious equality for all. Called the Father of Modern Economics, Adam Smith was an enormous advocate for private markets. He supported an economic system based on the decision making by individuals instead of the government. Smith felt that no one person or a group is fit to make decisions for a whole population of people and that the population knows how to make decisions for its welfare. In Smith’s mind, people work to supplement their own lives, and when people seek individual economic gain then they unexpectedly promote society and stimulate the economy subconsciously. If people earn more money by working harder then almost all people will work harder. Smith insinuates that people are naturally self preserving and by default selfish; b ut to a point. Everyone has something that they want and in this world most things can be obtained if a person has enough money. Smith believes that every man should be free toShow MoreRelatedWhat Was the Main Ideas of Enlightenment Philosophers?838 Words   |  4 PagesXavier Jefferson 4-13-13 Mr. Love What is the Church? What is the church’s purpose? What is the Church? There are many different churches in America that say to be â€Å"Christian† and all claim to be the church that Jesus built, or say they are a part of it. We need to go back to the bible and see what it tells us (Christians and non-believers) about the church. The church is â€Å"an assembly† or â€Å"called out ones but to me it is the people that make up the church. It isn’t as people think and sayRead MoreThe Enlightenment Philosophers: What Was Their Main Idea2373 Words   |  10 PagesNetwork  » Literary Periods  » The Enlightenment 57 The Enlightenment The Enlightenment, sometimes referred to as the Age of Reason, was a confluence of ideas and activities that took place throughout the eighteenth century in Western Europe, England, and the American colonies. Scientific rationalism, exemplified by the scientific method, was the hallmark of everything related to the Enlightenment. Following close on the heels of the Renaissance, Enlightenment thinkers believed that the advancesRead More Age of Reason Essay example1161 Words   |  5 Pagesby the famous writer and philosopher Voltaire; I believe it vaguely points out that some people are full of absurd ideas, and for others to follow such nonsense is foolish. The quote is just a taste of Voltaire’s wisdom and knowledge of the world, during the Age of Reason. The Age of Reason or The Enlightenment is defined as a change in not just a way of thinking, but an establishment of values and rational actions. â€Å"Based on Immanuel Kant’s essay â€Å"What is Enlightenment?â⠂¬  it is the freedom to useRead MoreWestern Views On Human Nature918 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate. Many philosophers ranging from Socrates to Buddha has questioned the nature of human life and of our existence. But these philosophers do not share the same beliefs about our nature. Their beliefs are as different as their place of origin. Socrates’ own philosophy may not be the same as an eastern philosopher such as the Buddha. In western philosophy there is often a focus on the individual in the case of human nature. In eastern philosophy there are various interpretations of the idea of humanRead MoreAn Analysis of Candide Story by Voltaire1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Candide or Optimism† was written in the enlightenment era. Voltaire story is published in The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Voltaire’s character, Pangolss, is a philosopher who teaches about God morals. Pangolss is also a mentor to Candide, who is the main character of the novel. Candide has a good heart but is also feel s very hopeless in life. Pangloss takes Candide under his wing and teaches him that â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† The enlightenment movement is seen closely in VoltaireRead MoreAge Of Reason And The Scientific Revolution1089 Words   |  5 Pages1600s. Although this time period was over, common ideas spread to the next period. The second time period in the Age of Reason was the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was when scholars and philosophers started to reevaluate old aspects of society and how it functions. The Age of Reason was made up of science revolutionist and philosophers that tried to find ways to improve political, social, and religious life. Science revolutionist and philosophers were trying to find ways to improve politicalRead MoreThe Enlightenment : Main Ideas Of The Enlightenment800 Words   |  4 Pagesanother prominent theme of the Enlightenment. By this, we mean the idea that man is endowed with certain liberties or rights. These rights were believed to have been granted by God and/or nature. Enlightenment figures typically espoused ideas of equality and human dignity. The Enlightenment had individual freedom with certain unalienable rights is very much in line with the Enlightenment concept about individual freedom.In addition Enlightenment philosophers main idea was too write about differentRead MoreThe Enlightenment And The Enlightenment During The Scientific Revolution1686 Words   |  7 Pagestherefore the motto of the Enlightenment,† (Kant). The Enlightenment consisted of the ideas of nature, reason, progress, and optimism. Sir Isaac Newton, a scientist during the Scientific Revolution, greatly influenced the Enlightenment due to his stance on natural law. The idea of a social contract, where the power to govern came from the consent of the governed, was a major force during this time period. Adam Smith, a physiocrat from Great Britain, supported the idea of laissez-faire economics.Read MoreThe Candide By The French Enlightenment1377 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel Candide by the French Enlightenment writer and philosopher, Voltaire, the use of satire is highly prevalent. Voltaire took many of the follies and views he disagreed with during the Enlightenment and satirized them in this highly unrealistic and exaggerated novel. The events throughout the novel, even if they have some connections or roots in historical events, are seemingly preposterous and embellished because of Voltaire’s heavy use of satire. However, Voltaire merely uses these embellishmentsRead MoreThe Enlightenment Ideas Of The American Revolution1423 Words   |  6 PagesEnlightenment’s ideas in the American Revolution People in America were mad and broke. The colonies did not like the idea of paying high taxes to the King of England. In order to show their rage and anger, they did it by not paying taxes. The King of England was frustrated by the colonist s action and send an army to the Americas to sort this problem out. However, the people of America wanted to be free from England, so with the help of the Enlightenment thinkers and the philosophers, they started

“The Politics of Translations” Free Essays

The concept that a translation suggest is that there is an original. To some translation is seen as duplication, which suggests a concept of original being of higher value and the duplicate of lesser value. However, regardless of how one might define translation, translation is making the text readable to one particular language. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Politics of Translations† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Translation is communicating the textual content of one language to another and as it was stated, â€Å"each slightly different from the one that came before it: translations of translations of translations. Each text is unique, yet at the same time it is the translation of another text† The Politics of translation Amidst the issues confronting the works of translation studies, the politics of translation must be seen as way of dealing with the problem. As Bassnett and Travedi is concern, the works on translation studies are confronted by the issues relating to the relationship between the text referred to as the original or the source, and the translation of that original.   The problem confronting the field of translation studies is the notion of duplication or of not being original, which grossly creates a discrediting concept on translation works. The politics of translation must enfold the growing importance of translation studies including the linguistic branch to be able to present shared intelligibility without sacrificing difference for the sake of a blind integration. According to Bassnett and Travedi, the issue on the relationship between translation and the so-called original, â€Å"arose as a result of the invention of printing and the spread of literacy.† This led to the emergence of the idea that an author is owner of his or her text. The concept of the politics of translation encompassed the issue of ownership of the text as this has been one of the important issues regarding the work of translations. Of course, the writers of the text must be its rightful owners. The translators are working to make the text readable to a particular language. The politics here then, is that who gets what, when, and how. Thus, while the credit of the text exclusively goes to the writer, the translator gets his own credit in view of the translated work. While politics speaks of conflict and disagreement, the concept of the politics of translation centers on dealing with the issues confronting the works of translation studies in order to find ways of having blind assimilation between the texts and the translator’s ideas. Both the text and the work of the translator then are important and original because we now speak of two different languages. The writer of the text gets credit for his ideas, and the translator gets his own for making the ideas of the text flourish to a particular language. Tymoczko illustrated this clearly in her discussion of translation as metaphor for colonial writing. She said, â€Å"In this sense post-colonial writing might be imaged as a form of translation in which venerable and holy relics are moved from one sanctified spot to another more central and more secure location, at which the cult is intended to be preserved, to take root and find new life† (p. 20). How to cite â€Å"The Politics of Translations†, Papers

When The Spaniards Came To Settle The New World, Or What Is Essays

When the Spaniards came to settle the New World, or what is now Mexico and Peru, they imposed many new ways and customs for the people living there. These institutions were partially what the Spaniards were used to from living in Spain, and others were simply to live better. The Spaniards imposed many political, economical, and social institutions in the New World never heard of before by the Indians, and many feudal customs and systems that they brought wholly intact from Spain. The political institutions were very important for government functionality in the Spanish colonies. First, a class system similar to that in Spain was reconstructed anew in the colonies. Those in the New World that were born in Spain held the highest position. These people were called Peninsulares, and were the nobles of the feudal class hierarchy. Below them were the Creoles, or Spaniards born in the New World. Then came mestizoes, men and women of mixed Spanish and Indian marriages; mulattoes, people of black and Spanish ancestry; and zambos, those born from black and Indian marriages. Viceroys were another political establishment in the New World. The viceroys were the king's assistants. They helped manage the government in the colonies, and carried out orders from the king. This method did not work too well since orders from the king took months and even years before reaching the viceroys, after which a message may be outdated and irrelevant. New social institutions changed the way people lived. The Church was the first and most important social institution because Spanish life in the colonies revolved around Catholicism. The Church's goal was to convert everyone presently living in the New World to Christianity. This topic brings us to the Missions. Missions were large estates on which were set up schools and other facilities to teach the Indians to become proper Christians. encomiendas and repartimientos were also large estates, but on these lived many people and slaves. The Spanish crown entrusted encomiendas and slaves to noble warriors who had done well in battle, and in return, these nobles paid taxes to the crown. Many other people lived on the same encomienda, however, since the noble owning the whole plot of land would divide it up into smaller parts, which other people managed. The rest of the people living on the encomiendas were slaves. Slavery and forced labor were imposed on the Indians as soon as the Spaniards arrived, but black Africans were immediately imported when the Spaniards saw that the Indians could not do very much work at all. Many institutions were also implemented for the upkeep of the economy. Slavery, as mentioned above, was the key to mass output from the encomiendas and missions. Many workers could accomplish a great deal and produce a lot of money. Furthermore, the larger the encomienda or mission, the more its output. If the soil on a mission or encomienda is fertile, much can be grown and sold for more money. Many new institutions were developed and implemented by the Spaniards settling the New World. Without proper economic, social, and political establishments enforced, the Spaniards would not have been able to settle the New World as quickly and as aggressively as they did. Only with proper control and strict institutions did Spain conquer and create the great nation it is today.

Invation of the Coqui Frog Into Hawaii essays

Invation of the Coqui Frog Into Hawaii essays Hawaii's environment began as a pure and pristine paradise, untouched by foreign creatures. When the English first invaded this paradise, they brought diseases, wild pigs, dogs and other unwanted species that upset the agricultural and environmental cycle of life. The more outsiders come to the islands each year, the more endangered Hawaii's ecosystem becomes. Although there is strict agricultural security and animal quarantine, foreign creatures and disease still threaten this ever populating island chain and many of the state's indigenous plants and animals have become extinct or endangered because of it. Over 1,000 alien plants and animals have been 'accidentally' introduced just over the past 65 years (ctahr.hawaii.edu) and with such warm temperatures and high humidity, Hawaii's natural nutrient sources and habitat have become cause for competition between the indigenous and the introduced. Though the islands have managed to keep snakes out completely, another green, slimy invasion has been the object of everyone's focus lately. Eleutherdactylus coqui a.k.a. the Coqui frog is the loud mouthed visitor from it's native, Puerto Rico. It is named for it's infamous call co-kee! Most likely through tourism, the frog was introduced to Hawaii in 1988 (ctahr.hawaii.edu). Not only is their piercing, high pitched call considered noise pollution but they are competitors with the unique, native insects and arachnids as well as other insect eating species like birds. Plus, if other carnivorous, amphibian-eating creatures were ever accidentally introduced, the frog would serve as a perfect and plentiful food source for them, increasing their number and threat. Hawai'i is in the midst of a growing invasive species crisis affecting the Islands' plants and animals, overall environmental and human health, and the viability of its tourism and agriculture- based economy, according to the DLNR report. Invasive pes...

Course Requirements for Homeschooling High School

Course Requirements for Homeschooling High School One of the most significant benefits of homeschooling is the ability to customize your student’s education, tailoring it to fit his interests and aptitudes. However, when it comes to high school, many parents feel that they need some guidance on which subjects to teach and when to teach them. Having graduated one homeschool student with two still in high school, I am a firm believer (after some trial and error) in maintaining an interest-led homeschool environment through the high school years as much as possible. After all, the benefits of a customized education don’t end in middle school. However, depending on your state’s homeschool laws and your student’s post-graduation plans, other entities (such as perspective colleges or state graduation requirements) may play a role in determining your teen’s high school course options. With that in mind, let’s take a look at the courses you may wish to have your homeschooled high school student pursue. What are the course requirements for 9th grade? Most colleges will expect that, following a typical course of study for 9th grade, students will have received one credit each in English, math, science, and social studies (or history).   English:  English for a 9th-grade student will usually include grammar, vocabulary, literature (including literary analysis), and composition. Many 9th-grade English courses will cover myths, drama, novels, short stories, and poetry. They will also include public speaking and honing composition skills, including reference and report-writing. Social studies:  It is common to cover United States history  in 9th grade. Families following a classical style of home education will likely cover ancient history as part of the four-year history cycle for high school. Other standard  options include world history, U.S. government, and geography. Math:  Algebra I is the most commonly taught mathematics course for 9th-grade students. Some student may cover pre-algebra Science:  Common courses for 9th-grade science include  physical science, general science,  or biology. Most colleges will expect a student to have 2-3 lab sciences, making biology a good choice, though students often complete it in 10th grade, rather than 9th. In keeping with customizing our teens educations, my 9th grader is taking an astronomy course this year. Other alternatives may include  marine biology, botany, animal science, Earth science, or zoology.    What are the course requirements for 10th grade? A typical course of study for 10th-grade students will include one credit each for the following: English:  A 10th grade English course will consist of the same general components as that of 9th grade (grammar, vocabulary, literature, and composition). It may also include a world, modern, or  American  literature course. If your student chooses world literature, it can be fun to tie in social studies with a world geography and/or world history  course. American literature would be an excellent tie-in to American history if your student didn’t cover it in 9th grade. Social studies:  World history is typical for 10th grade. Classical homeschooling families will likely cover the Middle Ages.  Some students prefer topical studies such as World War I and II. Math:  Algebra II or geometry are common math classes for 10th grade. The order they are taught may depend on the curriculum you’re using. Some math texts go straight into Algebra II from Algebra I. There is debate over the order the courses should be taught. Some  say  geometry should be taught  in 10th grade so that students have exposure to it for college entrance exams in 11th grade. Some say that some Algebra II concepts rely on geometry. Finally, some proponents of the Algebra I/Geometry/Algebra II sequence say it helps prepare students for pre-calculus. Science:  Biology is commonly taught in 10th grade unless it was covered in 9th grade. Alternatives include the same as those listed for 9th grade. What are the course requirements for 11th grade? An 11th-grade typical course of study includes the following core classes: English:  Grammar, vocabulary, and composition continue to be reinforced and built upon in 11th grade. Additionally, 11th-grade students may also begin learning the mechanics of a research paper. (Sometimes this is covered in 12th grade). Literature options include American and British literature. Social studies:  History for 11th grade may include modern or European history. It might also include civics, U.S. Government, or economics (micro- or macro-). For classical homeschoolers, high school juniors will typically cover the Renaissance and Reformation. Math:   Algebra II or geometry are typically covered in 11th grade  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ whichever the student didn’t study in 10th. Other alternatives may include accounting, consumer math, or business math. These alternatives are typically not for college-bound students. Students may also be taking dual-enrollment courses. Science:  High school juniors generally take chemistry or physics in 11th grade since the necessary math pre-requisites have been met. What are the course requirements for 12th grade? Finally, the typical course of study for 12th grade includes: English:  Again, the basics are the same  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ covering age-appropriate grammar, mechanics, vocabulary, literature, and composition. Students in 12th   grade will hone their  skills  writing research papers. Literature will likely be British Lit, including Shakespeare. Social studies:  Many high school seniors will have completed all the required courses for social studies. Additional courses may be taken as electives and could include psychology,  sociology, or philosophy. Classical homeschoolers will likely finish their high school years with  modern history. Math:  Senior math may include options such as pre-calculus, calculus, trigonometry, or statistics. Students may also be taking dual-enrollment courses. Science:  Many high school seniors will have completed all the required course for science. Some may choose to take courses such as physics,  advanced biology, or advanced chemistry. Others may choose to take non-traditional courses such as marine biology. Addition Courses of Study for 9th  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 12th Grade In addition to the core classes, your high school student will need to take some miscellaneous required courses (as determined by potential colleges, your state’s homeschool requirements, or your own graduation requirements), along with some electives.Other required classes may include: HealthPhysical educationForeign language (typically two years of the same language)Government and/or civicsEconomicsPersonal financeElectives (6 or more credits are usually expected.) Electives can be almost anything, which makes them an excellent option for continuing interest-led learning. My teens have completed courses such as art, photography, computer programming, drama, speech, writing, and home economics. These course requirements are intended as a guideline only. Your chosen curriculum may follow a different course outline, your state’s requirements may vary, or your student’s post-graduation plans may dictate a different course of study.

Women Rights Denial by Governments and Individuals Essay

Women Rights Denial by Governments and Individuals - Essay Example he Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted by the General Assembly in 1979 by votes of 130 to none, with 10 abstentions At the special ceremony that took place at the Copenhagen Conference on 17 July 1980, 64 States signed the Convention and two States submitted their instruments of ratification. On 3 September 1981, 30 days after the twentieth member- State had ratified it, the Convention entered into force - faster than any previous human rights convention had done - thus bringing to a climax United Nations efforts to codify comprehensively international legal standards for women. [1] Its content is divided into four parts. The first part deals with the concept of human rights. It presents the evolution and expansion of this concept and its philosophical formulations and theoretical reflection on the nature and sources of human rights. International standards in the next two parts are grouped, first, from the point of view of categories of human rights: civil, political, economic, social and cultural, and then in relation to the protection of certain categories of vulnerable persons (women, children, minorities, indigenous people and migrant workers). [2] There has been a growing realization that the definition of "human rights" needs to be revised to fully include "women's rights" in it. The International Women's Conference in Beijing in 1995, was another landmark achievement in this direction. After much dispute and heated debate, the final program of action stated, "While the significance of national and religious particularities in various historical, cultural, and religious systems must be kept in mind, it is the duty of states regardless of their political, economic, and cultural systems to protect and promote all human... This essay describes the feminism and the fight for women's rights as an epic saga that is still happening today. Whatever success has been achieved has been purely by dint of perseverance on part of the feminists. The researcher gives his opinion on the topic and states that it is unfortunate that, at times, governments and individuals fail to acknowledge these rights, even in 21st century. In fact it has been justly argued that resolutions against whaling were passed more quickly and unanimously than resolutions for women’s rights. The researcher mentiones that feminists’ efforts to introduce a homogenous standard may be admirable, but may also be misplaced. It is a matter of debate that rights in one culture may be taken as oppression in another culture today. For example, even wearing a scarf is considered a religious obligation and a feminine trait in Muslim society but is considered persecution in Western society. Similarly wearing a skimpy bikini on the beach may give rise to a furor even in â€Å"conservative† Catholic communities. The invasion of â€Å"multiculturism†, that was described in the essay is also a force to contend with. To conclude, the researcher explores that many countries allow different communities living there to preserve their culture today. In such a situation present homogeneity may itself be an infringement on the cultural freedom of that community. A more pragmatic approach is required today when dealing with issues related to different cultures and religions.

Texting with shortcut Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Texting with shortcut - Essay Example Young individuals have developed various acronyms or shortcuts for the purpose of text messaging. They have a shortcut for almost even word in the English dictionary in order to use them in their text messages. For example: they use â€Å"143† in order to refer to the phrase â€Å"I love you† and they use the shortcut â€Å"lol† to refer to â€Å"laugh out loud† (Cennamo 258). They assert that the use of shortcuts, alternative words, and symbols is very convenient since it delivers relevant message in a brief and concise manner. Moreover, texting with shortcut enables users to convey their message without having to stop whatever they were doing. This allows the users to address other tasks and emergencies. The mobility of this idea equally enables users to communicate from any location with access to mobile phone signals. Texting with shortcut defines a unique identity adopted by the young generation for socialization purposes (Telegraph Media Group Limite d 1). The availability of technological devices like smartphones has made it possible for the young and old to access and use texting with shortcut. As such, texting with shortcut has become the most prominent mode of communication between friends, colleagues, and family members. The proponents of this idea note claim that it has played an important role in restoring the significance of writing. Subject to its prominence and merits, some companies are using texting with shortcut for advertisements. Texting with shortcuts is a behavior that should be discouraged by teachers, parents as well as students because it disrupts the formal way of writing, it decreases a student’s ability to express themselves and even decreases the quality of communication that takes place between different individuals. However, many people including me are against the idea of texting with shortcut especially among the young generation that are students. Despite the perceived